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The Unknown Known
''The Unknown Known'' (also known as ''The Unknown Known: The Life and Times of Donald Rumsfeld'') is a 2013 American documentary film about the life of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, directed by Academy Award winning documentarian and filmmaker Errol Morris. The film is a summary of 33 hours of interviews that Morris conducted with Rumsfeld over eleven separate sessions during visits to Boston, Massachusetts. It premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 29, 2013. The film was screened in the main competition section at the 70th Venice International Film Festival.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Venezia 70 )〕
==Synopsis==
The major portion of the film is spent addressing excerpts from the millions of memos, nicknamed 'Yellow Perils' by his first Pentagon staff and 'Snowflakes' by the second, that Rumsfeld wrote during his time as a congressman and advisor to four different presidents, twice as United States Secretary of Defense. It also focuses on a response Rumsfeld gave to a question at a U.S. Department of Defense news briefing on February 12, 2002 about the lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups. The content of the memos are varied, covering everything from the aftermath of Watergate, to the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal, to the definition of the word “terrorism”. Morris returns to the motif of snowflakes swirling within a snow globe throughout the documentary as he discusses the context of the memos with Rumsfeld, notes to which the Defense Secretary gave him limited access while preparing the film, and which Rumsfeld agrees to read aloud on camera.〔
At the beginning of the documentary, Rumsfeld argues a major purpose of the Department of Defense is to evaluate "unknown knowns," or "the things you think you know, that it turns out you did not," to anticipate hostile actions before they take place. Illustrating his point, Rumsfeld suggests that the failure of the United States to anticipate the attack on Pearl Harbor was a failure of imagination.〔
As the interviews proceed, the director is able to catch his subject lying on camera, though when he does, Rumsfeld simply pretends it did not happen.〔 Throughout their dialogue, Morris finds Rumsfeld unable to engage in self-reflection. When the director asks him about the lessons he learnt from the Vietnam War, Rumsfeld replies: “Some things work out, some things don’t; that didn’t.” Rumsfeld also expresses good-natured surprise at the list of torture techniques — including hooding, stress positions, and nudity — that he personally approved for use on Guantánamo detainees, stating, "Good grief! That’s a pile of stuff!”〔 In follow up, Morris questions him about the so-called "torture memos" describing enhanced interrogation techniques. When Rumsfeld replies that he never read them, Morris responds in disbelief, "Really?" When asked if the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States was a mistake, Rumsfeld says tersely, "Time will tell."〔 In the final scene, Morris asks him again about "unknown knowns," and the definition given by Rumsfeld has inverted, a discongruence the director is quick to point out, and which Rumsfeld acknowledges: "unknown knowns" are "things that you know, that you don't know you know."〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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